“A IA tem o potencial de ajudar a resolver muitos dos problemas generalizados, incluindo problemas de segurança, saúde e bem-estar. Essa promessa tem um grande potencial para transformar governos.”
Este comentário está no relatório The Future Begun, que trata especificamente sobre o impacto da IA no governo (EUA) pela Parceria do Serviço Público com a IBM, através de seu Centro de Negócios para Governo.
“Os problemas mais desafiadores que a IA pode ajudar a resolver – vão de combater terroristas a servir populações vulneráveis. De forma mais imediata, a IA mudará a maneira como os servidores públicos realizam seus trabalhos. Devido ao impacto que a IA poderia ter sobre como os Governos garantem a segurança e aumentam o bem-estar, é provável que os líderes governamentais desempenhem um papel muito significativo na determinação de direções futuras para a IA.”
Para ilustrar como o governo americano está usando a IA, o relatório foca quatro casos de uso concretos. Entrevistas foram realizadas em 10 organizações, incluindo as várias agências governamentais envolvidas, bem como seus colaboradores em organizações sem fins lucrativos e universidades e aqui está um resumo de cada um desses quatro estudos de caso.
1. Combate ao crime de forma mais eficaz.
O primeiro caso de uso descreve uma colaboração de uma década entre uma equipe de pesquisa da USC e o Aeroporto Internacional de LA sobre como usar a IA para ajudar as unidades policiais a descobrir como melhor empregar sua equipe de maneira mais eficaz, para que possam ser mais espertas do que terroristas e outros criminosos. Como a polícia do aeroporto de Los Angeles não tem policiais suficientes para controlar as oito estradas que levam ao aeroporto, a equipe da USC desenvolveu um sistema de IA para tornar imprevisíveis os horários de blitz nas rodovias. Depois de analisar alvos em potencial, o sistema recomendou rotas e horários aleatórios de patrulha policial, em cada estrada, para que os terroristas não pudessem prever onde e quando os policiais entrariam.
Desde então, o sistema foi usado pela Guarda Costeira em rotas de patrulha de barcos em grandes portos como Nova York e Los Angeles, e pela Transportation Security Administration. Mais recentemente, outra versão do sistema de IA foi desenvolvida para ajudar os guardas florestais a combater caçadores de animais silvestres em todo o mundo.
2. Fazendo tarefas tediosas.
Esse caso de uso é sobre os esforços do Bureau of Labor Statistics dos EUA que usou a IA para aliviar os funcionários de tarefas repetitivas e tediosas e economizar centenas, até milhares de horas de trabalho, realocando pessoas para atividades mais importantes. Todos os anos, o BLS coleta dados sobre lesões no local de trabalho de cerca de 200.000 instituições. Em 2015, por exemplo, havia quase 3 milhões de lesões e doenças no local de trabalho do setor privado e mais de 750.000 do setor público, resultando em cerca de 300.000 narrativas de incidentes. Funcionários do BLS devem ler cada narrativa e atribuir um código para ajudar a agência a analisar como esses incidentes acontecem e como evitá-los.
Este é um processo repetitivo e demorado – cerca de 25.000 horas de trabalho. Embora seja tedioso para os seres humanos, é o tipo de atividade perfeita para IA e aprendizado de máquina. Em 2014, o BLS começou a experimentar o uso da IA para automatizar as tarefas de codificação e melhorar sua qualidade e eficiência. Em 2016, o sistema de IA conseguiu atribuir quase 50% de todos os códigos e provou ser mais preciso, em média, do que um codificador humano treinado. Isso permitiu à Repartição designar funcionários para tarefas mais complicadas, onde era necessário julgamento humano, como atender pessoas para obter mais detalhes e esclarecimentos sobre seus casos.
3. Ajudando as populações mais vulneráveis.
O terceiro caso de uso descreve como o Condado de Johnson, Kansas, em parceria com a Universidade de Chicago, está usando a IA para analisar dados de diferentes departamentos do condado para identificar populações vulneráveis, como aquelas que sofrem de saúde mental e / ou abuso de substâncias, para que possam ajudá-los com serviços assistências.
Os dados mostram que mais de 50% das pessoas presas em todo o país sofrem de algum tipo de transtornos mentais. O Condado de Johnson analisa dados de seu centro de saúde mental, departamentos de serviços médicos/sociais e de emergência, órgãos policiais e tribunais para identificar indivíduos com maior probabilidade de serem presos. Em seu teste inicial, um sistema de aprendizado de máquina identificou 200 pessoas entre as mais vulneráveis, baseando suas previsões em 252 tipos diferentes de informações dos conjuntos de dados combinados, incluindo dados demográficos, inscritos em programas de saúde mental e o número de vezes que foi preso.
Pouco mais de 50% das pessoas identificadas pelo sistema de IA foram presas, uma estimativa em cerca de 25% mais precisa, se comparado ao método traditional, que geralmente têm acesso a menos recursos para ajudá-los a identificar pessoas em risco. O município está trabalhando para introduzir dados de fontes adicionais para melhorar a precisão de suas previsões.
4. Ajudando no complexo processo de compras do Governo.
O último caso de uso descreve os esforços da Força Aérea no uso da IA para ajudar seus profissionais de compras a entender as regulamentações, altamente complexas, que regem as compras e aquisições e a acelerar o processo de compra de bens e serviços.
A Força Aérea é um grande comprador do Governo Americano, gastando cerca de US $ 53 bilhões em produtos e serviços no ano fiscal de 2017, cerca de 11% de todas as compras federais naquele ano. O departamento agora está conduzindo um teste de IA. Os funcionários estão carregando grandes quantidades de dados sobre os processos de aquisição, incluindo os milhares de documentos que descrevem os Regulamentos Federais de Aquisição e os igualmente complexos Aquisições de Suprimentos de Defesa. O objetivo é ensinar os sistemas de IA a analisar os muitos documentos envolvidos para entender o significado dos regulamentos e, assim, poder auxiliar os oficiais de compras a tomar boas decisões com mais rapidez e eficiência.
Finalmente, as pessoas entrevistadas para o relatório foram convidadas a compartilhar suas lições aprendidas, a fim de ajudar os líderes do Governo a melhor entender como usar a IA.
Nem todas as tarefas devem ser realizadas pela inteligência artificial e ela não é apropriada para todos os desafios.
“As agências e as equipes de projeto devem discutir primeiro qual papel a inteligência artificial poderia desempenhar em seu trabalho, quais tarefas a IA poderia facilitar e quais resultados eles esperam que a IA os ajude a alcançar.”
Não subestime o investimento inicial necessário. Uma vez identificadas as áreas em que a IA pode ajudar,
“elas precisam considerar os recursos de que precisarão, incluindo especialistas com conhecimento dos sistemas de IA e como usá-los, além de orçamentos para apoiar a implementação da tecnologia”.
Começar pequeno.
Como a maioria das novas tecnologias, é importante começar com projetos de pequena escala antes de implantar a IA em projetos maiores.
“O uso de um programa piloto permite que as pessoas se familiarizem e se sintam confortáveis com a tecnologia, detectem erros e corrijam o curso. E isso permite que o sistema melhore.”
A IA está com fome de dados. Um dos desafios mais comuns do uso da IA é o acesso, disponibilidade e qualidade dos dados. Quanto mais e melhor qualidade dos dados, melhor seu desempenho e precisão. No entanto, a maioria dos dados e informações do governo está contida em agências separadas e, em muitos casos, os dados são limitados. Todas as agências devem garantir que os dados e informações de qualidade estejam disponíveis para treinamento, teste, uso e refinamento de sistemas de IA.
A experiência do Governo em IA é crucial.
“As agências precisarão de uma força de trabalho federal de IA robusta para gerenciar o crescimento e o potencial desses sistemas de tecnologia”.
No entanto, os governos provavelmente enfrentarão desafios para atrair especialistas em IA,
“elas devem se preparar para uma provável escassez de talentos em IA no governo e procurar maneiras de trabalhar com especialistas em IA no setor privado e na academia”.
O governo poderia trabalhar com especialistas externos, particularmente em faculdades e universidades.
“Faculdades e universidades têm uma quantidade enorme de conhecimentos em inteligência artificial e programas e projetos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento em andamento.”
Além disso, trabalhar com estudantes e pesquisadores de IA é uma boa maneira de atraí-los para o setor público.
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